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letter of introduction (of reference)

  • 1 рекомендательное письмо

    Banks. Exchanges. Accounting. (Russian-English) > рекомендательное письмо

  • 2 carta de recomendación

    • letter of introduction
    • letter of recommendation
    • reference letter

    Diccionario Técnico Español-Inglés > carta de recomendación

  • 3 рекомендательное письмо

    letter of introduction; ( при устройстве на работу) reference

    Юридический русско-английский словарь > рекомендательное письмо

  • 4 carta

    f.
    1 letter (escrito).
    carta de agradecimiento letter of thanks, thank you letter
    carta de amor love letter
    carta bomba letter bomb
    carta de recomendación reference (letter)
    carta urgente express letter
    2 (playing) card (naipe).
    jugar a las cartas to play cards
    3 menu.
    a la carta à la carte; (menú) pay-per-view (televisión, programación)
    comer a la carta to eat à la carte
    carta de vinos wine list
    4 map (mapa).
    carta astral star chart
    5 charter (document).
    cartas credenciales letters of credence
    carta de naturaleza naturalization papers
    carta de trabajo work permit
    carta verde green card
    * * *
    1 (misiva) letter
    2 (naipe) card
    3 (minuta) menu
    5 (mapa) chart
    \
    a la carta à la carte
    dar carta blanca a alguien to give somebody a free hand, give somebody carte blanche
    echar una carta to post a letter, US mail a letter
    echar las cartas a alguien to tell somebody's fortune
    jugárselo todo a una carta figurado to put all one's eggs in one basket
    poner las cartas sobre la mesa figurado to put one's cards on the table
    tomar cartas en un asunto figurado to take part in an affair
    carta abierta open letter
    carta blanca carte blanche
    carta certificada registered letter
    carta de naturaleza / carta de ciudadanía naturalization papers plural
    carta de navegación navigation chart
    carta de presentación / carta de recomendación letter of introduction
    carta de vinos wine list
    carta urgente express letter
    'Cartas al director' (de un periódico) "Letters to the editor"
    * * *
    noun f.
    2) card
    4) map
    5) menu
    * * *
    SF
    1) (Correos) letter

    • echar una carta (al correo) — to post a letter

    carta de despido — letter of dismissal, pink slip (EEUU) *

    carta de recomendación — [para un trabajo] letter of recommendation; [como presentación] letter of introduction

    carta postal — LAm postcard

    2) (Jur, Com) (=documento)

    tener carta blanca — to have a free hand, have carte blanche

    carta de pago — receipt, discharge in full

    carta de pedido — (Com) order

    carta verde — (Aut) green card, certificate of insurance (EEUU)

    3) (=estatuto) charter

    Carta Magna — (=constitución) constitution; Brit ( Hist) Magna Carta

    4) (Naipes) card

    • echar las cartas a algn — to tell sb's fortune ( with cards)

    • jugar a las cartas — to play cards

    5) (Culin) menu

    • a la carta — à la carte

    6) (=mapa) (Geog) map; (Náut) chart

    carta de navegación, carta de viaje, carta de vuelo — flight plan

    carta geográfica, carta marítima — chart

    carta meteorológica — weather chart, weather map

    carta náutica, carta naval — chart

    7) (TV)
    * * *
    1) (Corresp) letter

    ¿hay carta para mí? — are there any letters for me?, is there any mail for me?

    echar una carta al correo — to mail (esp AmE) o (esp BrE) post a letter

    carta de despido/renuncia — letter of dismissal/resignation

    2) ( naipe) card

    a carta cabal: es honrado a carta cabal he's completely honest; un caballero a carta cabal a perfect o real gentleman; echarle las cartas a alguien to tell somebody's fortune; jugar bien las cartas to play one's cards right; jugárselo todo a una carta to risk everything on one throw; no saber a qué carta quedarse: no sé a qué carta quedarme I don't know what to think; poner las cartas boca arriba or sobre la mesa to put o lay one's cards on the table; tomar cartas en el asunto — to intervene

    3) ( de organización) charter; ( de país) constitution
    4) ( en restaurante) menu
    5) (ant) ( mapa) map
    •
    * * *
    = card, envelope, letter, charter.
    Ex. Add to the designation, when appropriate, the number and the name(s) of the component pieces of the object; e.g., 1 game (1 board), 50 cards, 2 dice.
    Ex. A jacket or sleeve is a protective envelope for a sound disc, made of cardboard or paper.
    Ex. Thus, where the text of an article is interspersed amongst advertisements, letters and other contributions, only those pages on which parts of the article are printed are listed.
    Ex. Libraries may operate under state law, county or municipal ordinances, or charters.
    ----
    * a la carta = a la carte.
    * baraja de cartas = pack of playing cards, deck of playing cards, deck of cards.
    * carta abierta = open letter.
    * carta adjunta = covering letter.
    * carta aeronáutica = aeronautical chart.
    * carta autógrafa = autograph letter.
    * carta blanca = free hand, carte blanche, blank cheque [blank check, -USA].
    * carta bomba = letter bomb.
    * carta certificada = registered letter.
    * carta comercial = business letter.
    * carta de adhesión = letter of support.
    * carta de agradecimiento = note of thanks, thank-you letter.
    * carta de amor = love letter.
    * carta de apoyo = letter of support.
    * carta de baraja = playing card.
    * carta de barras de color = colour bar.
    * carta de derechos = charter of rights.
    * carta de derechos humanos = charter of human rights.
    * carta de intenciones = letter of intent.
    * carta de invitación = letter of invitation, invitation letter.
    * Carta de la ONU, la = UN charter, the.
    * carta de navegación = aeronautical chart, navigational chart.
    * carta de nombramiento = letter of appointment.
    * carta de pedido = order letter.
    * carta de presentación = cover letter, letter of introduction, calling card.
    * carta de privilegios = charter.
    * carta de recomendación = testimonial, letter of recommendation, letter of reference, reference letter.
    * carta de referencia = reference.
    * carta de rescate = ransom note.
    * carta de servicios = service offer.
    * carta de vinos = wine list.
    * carta interminable = epistle.
    * Carta Magna, la = Magna Carta, the.
    * carta marina = navigational chart.
    * carta modelo = model letter.
    * carta náutica = nautical chart.
    * carta personal = personal letter.
    * carta real = charter.
    * cartas al director = letter to the editor.
    * carta verde = green card.
    * contestar una carta = answer + letter.
    * darle a Alguien carta blanca = give + Nombre + a blank cheque.
    * envío masivo de cartas = mail shot.
    * escritura de cartas = letter writing.
    * franquear una carta = frank + letter.
    * juego de cartas = euchre.
    * jugar bien + Posesivo + cartas = play + Posesivo + cards right.
    * jugárselo todo a una sola carta = put + all (of) + Posesivo + eggs in one basket.
    * libro de registro de entrada y salida de cartas = letterbook [letter book].
    * poner el matasellos a una carta = postmark.
    * poner las cartas boca arriba = lay + Posesivo + cards on the table, put + Posesivo + cards on the table.
    * poner las cartas sobre la mesa = lay + Posesivo + cards on the table, put + Posesivo + cards on the table.
    * redacción de cartas = letter writing.
    * registro de salida de cartas = outward letterbook.
    * tener carta blanca = have + carte-blanche.
    * tomar carta en = get + stuck into.
    * * *
    1) (Corresp) letter

    ¿hay carta para mí? — are there any letters for me?, is there any mail for me?

    echar una carta al correo — to mail (esp AmE) o (esp BrE) post a letter

    carta de despido/renuncia — letter of dismissal/resignation

    2) ( naipe) card

    a carta cabal: es honrado a carta cabal he's completely honest; un caballero a carta cabal a perfect o real gentleman; echarle las cartas a alguien to tell somebody's fortune; jugar bien las cartas to play one's cards right; jugárselo todo a una carta to risk everything on one throw; no saber a qué carta quedarse: no sé a qué carta quedarme I don't know what to think; poner las cartas boca arriba or sobre la mesa to put o lay one's cards on the table; tomar cartas en el asunto — to intervene

    3) ( de organización) charter; ( de país) constitution
    4) ( en restaurante) menu
    5) (ant) ( mapa) map
    •
    * * *
    = card, envelope, letter, charter.

    Ex: Add to the designation, when appropriate, the number and the name(s) of the component pieces of the object; e.g., 1 game (1 board), 50 cards, 2 dice.

    Ex: A jacket or sleeve is a protective envelope for a sound disc, made of cardboard or paper.
    Ex: Thus, where the text of an article is interspersed amongst advertisements, letters and other contributions, only those pages on which parts of the article are printed are listed.
    Ex: Libraries may operate under state law, county or municipal ordinances, or charters.
    * a la carta = a la carte.
    * baraja de cartas = pack of playing cards, deck of playing cards, deck of cards.
    * carta abierta = open letter.
    * carta adjunta = covering letter.
    * carta aeronáutica = aeronautical chart.
    * carta autógrafa = autograph letter.
    * carta blanca = free hand, carte blanche, blank cheque [blank check, -USA].
    * carta bomba = letter bomb.
    * carta certificada = registered letter.
    * carta comercial = business letter.
    * carta de adhesión = letter of support.
    * carta de agradecimiento = note of thanks, thank-you letter.
    * carta de amor = love letter.
    * carta de apoyo = letter of support.
    * carta de baraja = playing card.
    * carta de barras de color = colour bar.
    * carta de derechos = charter of rights.
    * carta de derechos humanos = charter of human rights.
    * carta de intenciones = letter of intent.
    * carta de invitación = letter of invitation, invitation letter.
    * Carta de la ONU, la = UN charter, the.
    * carta de navegación = aeronautical chart, navigational chart.
    * carta de nombramiento = letter of appointment.
    * carta de pedido = order letter.
    * carta de presentación = cover letter, letter of introduction, calling card.
    * carta de privilegios = charter.
    * carta de recomendación = testimonial, letter of recommendation, letter of reference, reference letter.
    * carta de referencia = reference.
    * carta de rescate = ransom note.
    * carta de servicios = service offer.
    * carta de vinos = wine list.
    * carta interminable = epistle.
    * Carta Magna, la = Magna Carta, the.
    * carta marina = navigational chart.
    * carta modelo = model letter.
    * carta náutica = nautical chart.
    * carta personal = personal letter.
    * carta real = charter.
    * cartas al director = letter to the editor.
    * carta verde = green card.
    * contestar una carta = answer + letter.
    * darle a Alguien carta blanca = give + Nombre + a blank cheque.
    * envío masivo de cartas = mail shot.
    * escritura de cartas = letter writing.
    * franquear una carta = frank + letter.
    * juego de cartas = euchre.
    * jugar bien + Posesivo + cartas = play + Posesivo + cards right.
    * jugárselo todo a una sola carta = put + all (of) + Posesivo + eggs in one basket.
    * libro de registro de entrada y salida de cartas = letterbook [letter book].
    * poner el matasellos a una carta = postmark.
    * poner las cartas boca arriba = lay + Posesivo + cards on the table, put + Posesivo + cards on the table.
    * poner las cartas sobre la mesa = lay + Posesivo + cards on the table, put + Posesivo + cards on the table.
    * redacción de cartas = letter writing.
    * registro de salida de cartas = outward letterbook.
    * tener carta blanca = have + carte-blanche.
    * tomar carta en = get + stuck into.

    * * *
    A ( Corresp) letter
    ¿hay carta para mí? are there any letters for me?, is there any mail for me?
    carta de despido/renuncia letter of dismissal/resignation
    carta de solicitud letter of application
    Compuestos:
    open letter
    carte blanche
    le dieron carta blanca she was given carte blanche o a free hand
    letter bomb
    registered letter
    circular
    ( frml) letter of recommendation, reference
    thank-you letter
    love letter
    reference, letter of recommendation
    naturalization papers (pl)
    tradiciones que ya han adquirido carta de ciudadanía en nuestro país traditions which have been adopted o which are now totally accepted in our country
    letter of credit
    letter of intent
    letter of introduction
    ● carta de nacionalización or de naturaleza
    naturalization papers (pl)
    receipt, official receipt
    letter of condolence
    bill of lading, manifest
    letter of introduction
    reference, letter of recommendation
    pastoral
    fpl credentials (pl)
    special-delivery letter
    green card
    B (naipe) card
    baraja de cartas deck o ( BrE) pack of cards
    jugar a las cartas to play cards
    barajar/dar las cartas to shuffle/deal the cards
    a carta cabal: es honrado a carta cabal he's completely and utterly honest
    es un caballero a carta cabal he's a perfect o real gentleman
    echarle las cartas a algn to tell sb's fortune
    fue a que le echaran las cartas he went to have his fortune told
    jugar bien las cartas to play one's cards right
    jugarse la última carta to play one's last card
    todavía no me he jugado la última carta I still have one card up my sleeve o left to play
    jugárselo todo a una carta to risk everything on one throw
    no saber a qué carta quedarse: no sé a qué carta quedarme I don't know what to think, I don't know which story ( o version etc) to believe
    poner las cartas boca arriba or sobre la mesa to put o lay one's cards on the table
    tomar cartas en algo to intervene in sth
    voy a tener que tomar cartas en el asunto I'm going to have to step in o intervene
    Compuestos:
    ● cartas de tarot or del Tarot
    fpl Tarot cards (pl)
    fpl Spanish playing cards (pl) (suits: bastos, espadas, copas, oros)
    ● cartas francesas or de póker
    fpl French playing cards (pl) (suits: spades, hearts, clubs, diamonds)
    C (de una organización) charter; (de un país) constitution
    Compuestos:
    ● Carta Constitucional or Fundamental
    ( frml); Constitution
    human rights charter, charter of human rights
    UN Charter
    United Nations Charter
    (UE) Charter of Fundamental Rights
    ( Hist) Magna Carta; (constitución) ( frml) constitution
    (UE) social chapter o charter
    comer a la carta to eat à la carte
    Compuesto:
    wine list
    E ( ant) (mapa) map
    Compuestos:
    astral chart
    test card
    color* chart
    flowchart
    astral chart
    chart
    chart
    chart
    flight plan
    chart
    weather chart
    * * *

     

    carta sustantivo femenino
    1 (Corresp) letter;
    ◊ ¿hay carta para mí? are there any letters for me?;

    echar una carta al correo to mail (esp AmE) o (esp BrE) post a letter;
    carta adjunta or explicatoria covering letter;
    carta blanca carte blanche;
    carta certificada registered letter;
    carta de amor love letter;
    carta de recomendación reference, letter of recommendation;
    carta urgente special-delivery letter
    2 ( naipe) card;

    dar las cartas to deal the cards;
    echarle las cartas a algn to tell sb's fortune;
    poner las cartas sobre la mesa to put o lay one's cards on the table
    3 ( en restaurante) menu;

    carta de vinos wine list
    carta sustantivo femenino
    1 letter
    carta abierta, open letter
    carta certificada, registered letter
    carta de presentación, letter of introduction
    2 (de un restaurante) menu: comeremos a la carta, we'll eat à la carte
    carta de vinos, wine list
    3 Naipes card
    jugar a las cartas, to play cards
    4 Av Náut chart
    5 (documento oficial) papers
    carta blanca, carte blanche
    carta de naturaleza, naturalization papers 6 carta magna, constitution
    ♦ Locuciones: figurado adquirir carta de naturaleza, to become widely accepted
    echarle las cartas a alguien, to tell somebody's fortune
    no saber a qué carta quedarse, not to know what to think about sthg
    figurado poner las cartas sobre la mesa, to put o lay one's cards on the table
    tomar cartas en un asunto, to intervene in an affair
    ' carta' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abierta
    - abierto
    - acompañar
    - anónima
    - anónimo
    - astral
    - atentamente
    - avión
    - certificar
    - desalentador
    - desalentadora
    - destilar
    - destinataria
    - destinatario
    - dictar
    - disimulo
    - don
    - encabezamiento
    - estimada
    - estimado
    - grafológica
    - grafológico
    - jugarse
    - olvidarse
    - personal
    - recomendación
    - sacar
    - saludar
    - sellar
    - señora
    - servidor
    - servidora
    - tenor
    - a
    - anexo
    - borrador
    - buzón
    - cerrado
    - certificado
    - cifrar
    - comercial
    - comodín
    - contenido
    - contestar
    - corazón
    - correo
    - de
    - despachar
    - destinado
    - difamatorio
    English:
    acknowledge
    - acknowledgement
    - address
    - answer
    - apologetic
    - attachment
    - bear
    - best
    - bomb
    - card
    - carte blanche
    - chain letter
    - chart
    - charter
    - compose
    - convey
    - cover letter
    - covering
    - date
    - direct
    - egg
    - express
    - faithfully
    - forget
    - formality
    - from
    - get
    - gram
    - heading
    - include
    - insufficient
    - leeway
    - letter
    - letter bomb
    - letterhead
    - look forward to
    - love
    - manage
    - menu
    - missive
    - notepaper
    - on
    - penfriend
    - post
    - postmark
    - receive
    - receiver
    - recipient
    - redirect
    - reference
    * * *
    carta nf
    1. [escrito] letter;
    echar una carta to Br post o US mail a letter
    carta abierta open letter;
    carta de agradecimiento letter of thanks, thank you letter;
    carta de amor love letter;
    carta blanca carte blanche;
    dar carta blanca a alguien to give sb carte blanche o a free hand;
    tiene carta blanca para conceder un crédito she is solely responsible for deciding whether or not to give somebody a loan;
    carta bomba letter bomb;
    carta certificada Br recorded o US certified letter;
    carta pastoral pastoral letter;
    carta de pésame letter of condolence;
    Am carta postal postcard;
    carta de presentación [para un tercero] letter of introduction;
    [con un currículum] Br covering letter, US cover letter;
    carta de recomendación reference (letter);
    carta urgente express letter
    2. [naipe] (playing) card;
    baraja de cartas pack o deck of cards;
    jugar a las cartas to play cards;
    echar las cartas a alguien to tell sb's fortune [with cards];
    voy a ir a que me echen las cartas I'm going to have my fortune told;
    carta sobre la mesa, pesa once you've played a card, you can't change your mind;
    enseñar las cartas to show one's hand;
    jugar a cartas vistas [con honradez] to act openly;
    [con certeza] to act with certainty;
    jugar bien sus cartas to play one's cards right;
    jugarse la última carta to play one's last card;
    jugarse todo a una carta to put all one's eggs in one basket;
    poner las cartas boca arriba o [m5] sobre la mesa to put one's cards on the table
    carta falsa low card
    3. [menú] menu;
    a la carta [menú] à la carte;
    [televisión, programación] pay-per-view;
    comer a la carta to eat à la carte;
    no tienen menú del día y hay que comer a la carta they don't have a set menu, you have to choose from the à la carte menu;
    un servicio a la carta a tailor-made service
    carta de vinos wine list
    4. [mapa] map;
    Náut chart carta astral star chart, astrological chart;
    carta de marear sea chart;
    carta marina sea chart;
    5. [documento] charter
    Náut carta de contramarca letter of reprisal;
    cartas credenciales letters of credence;
    Com carta de crédito letter of credit; Com carta de crédito documentaria documentary letter of credit; Náut carta de fletamento charter party;
    carta fundacional founding charter;
    carta general form letter;
    carta de hidalguía letters patent of nobility;
    Dep carta de libertad:
    dar la carta de libertad a alguien to give sb a free transfer;
    Carta Magna [constitución] constitution;
    Náut carta de marca letters-of-marque;
    carta de naturaleza naturalization papers;
    Com carta de pago receipt; Com carta de pedido order;
    la Carta Social the Social Charter;
    carta de trabajo work permit;
    Com carta de venta bill of sale;
    carta verde green card [for international car insurance]
    6. TV carta de ajuste Br test card, US test pattern
    7. Comp
    a carta cabal through and through;
    es un hombre íntegro a carta cabal he's honest through and through;
    adquirir o [m5] tomar carta de naturaleza [costumbre, práctica] to become widely accepted;
    tomar cartas en un asunto to intervene in a matter
    * * *
    f
    1 letter
    2 GASTR menu;
    a la carta à la carte
    3 ( naipe) playing card;
    jugar a las cartas play cards;
    jugar a cartas vistas play straight;
    jugarse todo a una carta risk everything on one throw;
    tomar cartas en el asunto intervene in the matter;
    poner las cartas boca arriba fig put one’s cards on the table;
    honrado a carta cabal utterly honest;
    no saber a qué carta quedarse not know what to do;
    echar las cartas a alguien tell s.o.’s fortune
    4 ( mapa) chart
    * * *
    carta nf
    1) : letter
    2) naipe: playing card
    3) : charter, constitution
    4) menú: menu
    5) : map, chart
    6)
    tomar cartas en : to intervene in
    * * *
    1. (escrito) letter
    2. (naipe) card / playing card

    Spanish-English dictionary > carta

  • 5 recomendación

    f.
    recommendation, advice, suggestion, piece of advice.
    * * *
    1 (consejo) recommendation, advice; (para empleo) reference
    ■ no sé qué hacer, ¿tienes alguna recomendación? I don't know what to do, have you any recommendations?
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=consejo) recommendation
    2) [para un trabajo] to recommend
    3) (Rel)
    * * *
    a) ( consejo)
    b) ( para empleo) reference, recommendation
    * * *
    = commendation, recommendation, testimonial.
    Ex. It's a staggering list of accomplishments, and considering bureaucracy and some of the internal problems of the Library of Congress, I think that the Library deserves a great deal of credit and commendation.
    Ex. Plainly such representative sections may not be present in many documents, but sometimes an extract from the results, conclusions or recommendations of a document may serve to identify the key issues covered by the entire document.
    Ex. 4 subjects were discussed at a seminar held on 3 successive weekends in Dec 86 on the training of librarians in job application: Curricula vitae; written applications; aspects of labour legislation (particularly testimonials); and interviews.
    ----
    * carta de recomendación = testimonial, letter of recommendation, letter of reference, reference letter.
    * Norma Británica 1749: Recomendaciones para la ordenación alfabética y el ord = BS (British Standard) 1749: Recommendations for alphabetical arrangement and the filing order of numerals and symbols.
    * recomendaciones = do's and don'ts, rights and wrongs.
    * * *
    a) ( consejo)
    b) ( para empleo) reference, recommendation
    * * *
    = commendation, recommendation, testimonial.

    Ex: It's a staggering list of accomplishments, and considering bureaucracy and some of the internal problems of the Library of Congress, I think that the Library deserves a great deal of credit and commendation.

    Ex: Plainly such representative sections may not be present in many documents, but sometimes an extract from the results, conclusions or recommendations of a document may serve to identify the key issues covered by the entire document.
    Ex: 4 subjects were discussed at a seminar held on 3 successive weekends in Dec 86 on the training of librarians in job application: Curricula vitae; written applications; aspects of labour legislation (particularly testimonials); and interviews.
    * carta de recomendación = testimonial, letter of recommendation, letter of reference, reference letter.
    * Norma Británica 1749: Recomendaciones para la ordenación alfabética y el ord = BS (British Standard) 1749: Recommendations for alphabetical arrangement and the filing order of numerals and symbols.
    * recomendaciones = do's and don'ts, rights and wrongs.

    * * *
    1
    (consejo): lo hizo por recomendación mía he did it on my recommendation o advice
    decidió irse, ignorando las recomendaciones de sus padres she decided to go, ignoring her parents' advice
    2 (para un empleo) reference, recommendation
    carta de recomendación letter of reference o recommendation
    * * *

     

    recomendación sustantivo femenino


    recomendación sustantivo femenino
    1 (consejo) recommendation, advice
    2 (para un empleo) reference, recommendation
    carta de recomendación, letter of introduction
    ' recomendación' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    aval
    - carta
    - consejo
    - homologación
    - tener
    English:
    commendation
    - recommendation
    - reference
    - testimonial
    * * *
    1. [consejo] recommendation;
    siguió sus recomendaciones al pie de la letra he followed her advice to the letter;
    por recomendación de alguien on sb's advice o recommendation
    2. [referencia]
    (carta de) recomendación letter of recommendation
    3. [enchufe] recommendation;
    * * *
    f recommendation;
    por recomendación de on the recommendation of
    * * *
    recomendación nf, pl - ciones : recommendation
    * * *
    recomendación n recommendation

    Spanish-English dictionary > recomendación

  • 6 рекомендательное письмо

    5) Audit: comfort letter

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > рекомендательное письмо

  • 7 Empfehlungsschreiben

    Empfehlungsschreiben n 1. KOMM letter of introduction; 2. PERS letter of recommendation
    * * *
    n 1. < Komm> letter of introduction; 2. < Person> letter of recommendation
    * * *
    Empfehlungsschreiben
    letter of recommendation, reference, commendatory letter

    Business german-english dictionary > Empfehlungsschreiben

  • 8 suosituskirje

    yks.nom. suosituskirje; yks.gen. suosituskirjeen; yks.part. suosituskirjettä; yks.ill. suosituskirjeeseen; mon.gen. suosituskirjeiden suosituskirjeitten; mon.part. suosituskirjeitä; mon.ill. suosituskirjeisiin suosituskirjeihin
    letter of recommendation (noun)
    * * *
    • credential letter
    • credentials
    • letter of credence
    • letter of introduction
    • letter of recommendation
    • recommendation
    • reference
    • character reference

    Suomi-Englanti sanakirja > suosituskirje

  • 9 referans

    adj. reference
    --------
    n. reference, letter of recommendation, letter of introduction, credentials
    * * *
    1. reference 2. reference (n.)

    Turkish-English dictionary > referans

  • 10 рекомендаційний лист

    commendatory letter, letter of credence, letter of introduction, letter testimonial, recommendatory letter, reference letter, testimonial letter, testimonial

    Українсько-англійський юридичний словник > рекомендаційний лист

  • 11 рекомендательный

    прл

    рекоменда́тельное письмо́ — reference letter, reference(s), letter of introduction/recommendation

    Русско-английский учебный словарь > рекомендательный

  • 12 anbefalingsbrev

    subst. letter of introduction subst. letter of recommendation subst. letter of reference

    Norsk-engelsk ordbok > anbefalingsbrev

  • 13 рекомендательное письмо

    letter of credence (of introduction); ( при устройстве на работу) reference

    Русско-английский юридический словарь > рекомендательное письмо

  • 14 Empfehlungsbrief

    Empfehlungsbrief
    letter of commendation (introduction), letter recommendatory, commendatory letter;
    • Empfehlungskarte business card;
    • Empfehlungsliste recommended list;
    • Empfehlungsschreiben letter of recommendation, reference, commendatory letter;
    • geschäftliches Empfehlungsschreiben trade card.

    Business german-english dictionary > Empfehlungsbrief

  • 15 рекомендация

    1) General subject: chit, commendation, credential, discharge (выдаваемая увольняемому), introduction, prescription, recommendation, recommendation (for) (на пост), reference (для фирмы и т. п.), suggestion, testimonial
    2) Computers: hint
    3) Military: blueprint
    5) Railway term: recommendations
    7) Economy: personal reference
    8) Diplomatic term: (письменная) voucher
    9) Jargon: send-in, shill
    10) Information technology: tip
    12) Business: letter of recommendation, plug, finalization (налоговой, аудиторской проверки)
    13) Automation: prompt
    14) leg.N.P. recommendation (UN charter)
    15) General subject: service tip
    16) Aviation medicine: counsel
    17) Makarov: chitty
    18) SAP.tech. trick
    19) Marketology: referral

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > рекомендация

  • 16 Á

    * * *
    a negative suffix to verbs, not;
    era útmakligt, at it is not unmeet that.
    * * *
    1.
    á, prep., often used elliptically, or even adverbially, [Goth. ana; Engl. on; Germ. an. In the Scandinavian idioms the liquid n is absorbed. In English the same has been supposed to happen in adverbial phrases, e. g. ‘along, away, abroad, afoot, again, agate, ahead, aloft, alone, askew, aside, astray, awry,’ etc. It is indeed true that the Ormulum in its northern dialect freq. uses o, even in common phrases, such as ‘o boke, o land, o life, o slæpe, o strande, o write, o naht, o loft,’ etc., v. the glossary; and we may compare on foot and afoot, on sleep (Engl. Vers. of Bible) and asleep; A. S. a-butan and on-butan (about); agen and ongean (again, against); on bæc, aback; on life, alive; on middan, amid. But it is more than likely that in the expressions quoted above, as well as in numberless others, as well in old as in modern English, the English a- as well as the o- of the Ormulum and the modern Scottish and north of England o- are in reality remains of this very á pronounced au or ow, which was brought by the Scandinavian settlers into the north of England. In the struggle for supremacy between the English dialects after the Conquest, the Scandinavian form á or a won the day in many cases to the exclusion of the Anglo-Saxon on. Some of these adverbs have representatives only in the Scandinavian tongues, not in Anglo-Saxon; see below, with dat. B. II, C. VII; with acc. C. I. and VI. The prep. á denotes the surface or outside; í and ór the inside; at, til, and frá, nearness measured to or from an object: á thus answers to the Gr. επί; the Lat. in includes á and i together.]
    With dat. and acc.: in the first case with the notion of remaining on a place, answering to Lat. in with abl.; in the last with the notion of motion to the place, = Lat. in with acc.
    WITH DAT.
    A. Loc.
    I. generally on, upon; á gólfi, on the floor, Nj. 2; á hendi, on the hand (of a ring), 48, 225; á palli, 50; á steini, 108; á vegg, 115; á sjá ok á landi, on sea and land. In some instances the distinction between d and i is loose and wavering, but in most cases common sense and usage decide; thus ‘á bók’ merely denotes the letters, the penmanship, ‘í’ the contents of a book; mod. usage, however, prefers ‘í,’ lesa í bók, but stafr á bók. Old writers on the other hand; á bókum Enskum, in English books, Landn. 24, but í Aldafars bók, 23 (in the book De Mensurâ Temporum, by Bede), cp. Grág. i. 76, where á is a false reading instead of at; á bréfi, the contents of a letter: of clothing or arms, mítr á höfði, sverð á hlið, mitre on head, sword on side, Fms. i. 266, viii. 404; hafa lykil á sér, on one’s person, 655 xxvii. 22; möttull á tyglum, a mantle hanging on (i. e. fastened by) laces, Fms. vii. 201: á þingi means to be present at a meeting; í þingi, to abide within a jurisdiction; á himni, á jörðu, on (Engl. in) heaven and earth, e. g. in the Lord’s Prayer, but í helviti, in hell; á Gimli, Edda (of a heavenly abode); á báti, á skipi denote crew and cargo, ‘í’ the timber or materials of which a ship is built, Eg. 385; vera í stafni á skipi, 177: á skógi, to be abroad in a wood (of a hunter, robber, deer); but to be situated (a house), at work (to fell timber), í skógi, 573, Fs. 5, Fms. iii. 122, viii. 31, xi. 1, Glúm. 330, Landn. 173; á mörkinni, Fms. i. 8, but í mörk, of a farm; á firðinum means lying in a firth, of ships or islands (on the surface of the water), þær eyjar liggja á Breiðafirði, Ld. 36; but í firði, living in a district named Firth; á landi, Nj. 98, Fms. xi. 386.
    II. á is commonly used in connection with the pr. names or countries terminating in ‘land,’ Engl. in, á Englandi, Írlandi, Skotlandi, Bretlandi, Saxlandi, Vindlandi, Vínlandi, Grænalandi, Íslandi, Hálogalandi, Rogalandi, Jótlandi, Frakklandi, Hjaltlandi, Jamtalandi, Hvítramannalandi, Norðrlöndum, etc., vide Landn. and the index to Fms. xii. In old writers í is here very rare, in modern authors more frequent; taste and the context in many instances decide. An Icelander would now say, speaking of the queen or king, ‘á Englandi,’ ruling over, but to live ‘í Englandi,’ or ‘á Englandi;’ the rule in the last case not being quite fixed.
    2. in connection with other names of countries: á Mæri, Vörs, Ögðum, Fjölum, all districts of Norway, v. Landn.; á Mýrum (in Icel.), á Finnmörk, Landn., á Fjóni (a Danish island); but í Danmörk, Svíþjóð (á Svíþjóðu is poët., Gs. 13).
    3. before Icel. farms denoting open and elevated slopes and spaces (not too high, because then ‘at’ must be used), such as ‘staðr, völlr, ból, hjalli, bakki, heimr, eyri,’ etc.; á Veggjum, Landn. 69; á Hólmlátri, id.: those ending in ‘-staðr,’ á Geirmundarstöðum, Þórisstöðum, Jarðlangsstöðum…, Landn.: ‘-völlr,’ á Möðruvöllum: á Fitjum (the farm) í Storð (the island), í Fenhring (the island) á Aski (the farm), Landn., Eg.: ‘-nes’ sometimes takes á, sometimes í (in mod. usage always ‘í’), á Nesi, Eb. 14, or í Krossnesi, 30; in the last case the notion of island, νησος, prevails: so also, ‘fjörðr,’ as, þeir börðust á Vigrafirði (of a fight o n the ice), Landn. 101, but orusta í Hafrsfirði, 122: with ‘-bær,’ á is used in the sense of a farm or estate, hón sa á e-m bæ mikit hús ok fagrt, Edda 22; ‘í bæ’ means within doors, of the buildings: with ‘Bær’ as pr. name Landn. uses ‘í,’ 71, 160, 257, 309, 332.
    4. denoting on or just above; of the sun, when the time is fixed by regarding the sun in connection with points in the horizon, a standing phrase in Icel.; sól á gjáhamri, when the sun is on the crag of the Rift, Grág. i. 26, cp. Glúm. 387; so, brú á á, a bridge on a river, Fms. viii. 179, Hrafn. 20; taka hús á e-m, to surprise one, to take the house over his head, Fms. i. 11.
    III. á is sometimes used in old writers where we should now expect an acc., esp. in the phrase, leggja sverði (or the like) á e-m, or á e-m miðjum, to stab, Eg. 216, Gísl. 106, Band. 14; þá stakk Starkaðr sprotanum á konungi, then Starkad stabbed the king with the wand, Fas. iii. 34; bíta á kampi (vör), to bite the lips, as a token of pain or emotion, Nj. 209, 68; taka á e-u, to touch a thing, lay hold of it, v. taka; fá á e-u, id. (poët.); leggja hendr á (better at) síðum, in wrestling, Fms. x. 331; koma á úvart á e-m, to come on one unawares, ix. 407 (rare).
    B. TEMP. of a particular point or period of time, at, on, in:
    I. gener. denoting during, in the course of; á nótt, degi, nætrþeli …, Bs. i. 139; or spec. adding a pron. or an adject., á næsta sumri, the next summer; á því ári, þingi, misseri, hausti, vári, sumri …, during, in that year …, Bs. i. 679, etc.; á þrem sumrum, in the course of three summers, Grág. i. 218; á þrem várum, Fms. ii. 114; á hálfs mánaðar fresti, within half a month’s delay, Nj. 99; á tvítugs, sextugs … aldri, á barns, gamals aldri, etc., at the age of …, v. aldr: á dögum e-s, in the days of, in his reign or time, Landn. 24, Hrafn. 3, Fms. ix. 229.
    II. used of a fixed recurrent period or season; á várum, sumrum, haustum, vetrum, á kveldum, every spring, summer …, in the evenings, Eg. 711, Fms. i. 23, 25, vi. 394, Landn. 292: with the numeral adverbs, cp. Lat. ter in anno, um sinn á mánuði, ári, once a month, once a year, where the Engl. a is not the article but the preposition, Grág. i. 89.
    III. of duration; á degi, during a whole day, Fms. v. 48; á sjau nóttum, Bárð. 166; á því meli, during that time, in the meantime, Grág. i. 259.
    IV. connected with the seasons (á vetri, sumri, vári, hausti), ‘á’ denotes the next preceding season, the last winter, summer, autumn, Eb. 40, 238, Ld. 206: in such instances ‘á’ denotes the past, ‘at’ the future, ‘í’ the present; thus í vetri in old writers means this winter; á vetri, last winter; at vetri, next winter, Eb. 68 (in a verse), etc.
    C. In various other relations, more or less metaphorically, on, upon, in, to, with, towards, against:
    I. denoting object, in respect of, against, almost periphrastically; dvelja á náðum e-s, under one’s protection, Fms. i. 74; hafa metnað á e-u, to be proud of, to take pride in a thing, 127.
    2. denoting a personal relation, in; bæta e-t á e-m, to make amends, i. e. to one personally; misgöra e-t á e-m, to inflict wrong on one; hafa elsku (hatr) á e-m, to bear love ( hatred) to one, Fms. ix. 242; hefna sín á e-m, to take revenge on one’s person, on anyone; rjúfa sætt á e-m, to break truce on the person of any one, to offend against his person, Nj. 103; hafa sár á sér, 101; sjá á e-m, to read on or in one’s face; sér hann á hverjum manni hvárt til þín er vel eðr illa, 106; var þat brátt auðséð á hennar högum, at …, it could soon be seen in all her doings, that …, Ld. 22.
    3. also generally to shew signs of a thing; sýna fáleika á sér, to shew marks of displeasure, Nj. 14, Fs. 14; taka vel, illa, lítt, á e-u, to take a thing well, ill, or indifferently, id.; finna á sér, to feel in oneself; fann lítt á honum, hvárt …, it could hardly be seen in his face, whether …, Eb. 42; líkindi eru á, it is likely, Ld. 172; göra kost á e-u, to give a choice, chance of it, 178; eiga vald á e-u, to have power over …, Nj. 10.
    II. denoting encumbrance, duty, liability; er fimtardómsmál á þeim, to be subject to …, Nj. 231; the phrase, hafa e-t á hendi, or vera á hendi e-m, on one’s hands, of work or duty to be done; eindagi á fé, term, pay day, Grág. i. 140; ómagi (skylda, afvinna) á fé, of a burden or encumbrance, D. I. and Grág. in several passages.
    III. with a personal pronoun, sér, mér, honum …, denoting personal appearance, temper, character, look, or the like; vera þungr, léttr … á sér, to be heavy or light, either bodily or mentally; þungr á sér, corpulent, Sturl. i. 112; kátr ok léttr á sér, of a gay and light temper, Fms. x. 152; þat bragð hafði hann á sér, he looked as if, … the expression of his face was as though …, Ld., cp. the mod. phrase, hafa á sér svip, bragð, æði, sið, of one’s manner or personal appearance, to bear oneself as, or the like; skjótr (seinn) á fæti, speedy ( slow) of foot, Nj. 258.
    IV. as a periphrasis of the possessive pronoun connected with the limbs or parts of the body. In common Icel. such phrases as my hands, eyes, head … are hardly ever used, but höfuð, eyru, hár, nef, munnr, hendr, fætr … á mér; so ‘í’ is used of the internal parts, e. g. hjarta, bein … í mér; the eyes are regarded as inside the body, augun í honum: also without the possessive pronoun, or as a periphrasis for a genitive, brjóstið á e-m, one’s breast, Nj. 95, Edda 15; súrnar í augum, it smarts in my eyes, my eyes smart, Nj. 202; kviðinn á sér, its belly, 655 xxx. 5, Fms. vi. 350; hendr á henni, her hands, Gísl. (in a verse); í vörunum á honum, on his lips, Band. 14; ristin á honum, his step, Fms. viii. 141; harðr í tungu, sharp of tongue, Hallfred (Fs. 114); kalt (heitt) á fingrum, höndum, fótum …, cold ( warm) in the fingers, hands, feet …, i. e. with cold fingers, etc.; cp. also the phrase, verða vísa (orð) á munni, of extemporising verses or speeches, freq. in the Sagas; fastr á fótum, fast by the leg, of a bondsman, Nj. 27: of the whole body, díla fundu þeir á honum, 209. The pers. pron. is used only in solemn style (poetry, hymns, the Bible), and perhaps only when influenced by foreign languages, e. g. mitt hjarta hví svo hryggist þú, as a translation of ‘warumb betrübst du dich mein Herz?’ the famous hymn by Hans Sachs; instead of the popular hjartað í mér, Sl. 43, 44: hjartað mitt is only used as a term of endearment, as by a husband to his wife, parents to their child, or the like, in a metaphorical sense; the heart proper is ‘í mér,’ not ‘mitt.’
    2. of other things, and as a periphrasis of a genitive, of a part belonging to the whole, e. g. dyrr á husi = húsdyrr, at the house-doors; turn á kirkju = kirkju turn; stafn, skutr, segl, árar … á skipi, the stem, stern, sail … of a ship, Fms. ix. 135; blöð á lauk, á tré …, leaves of a leek, of a tree …, Fas. i. 469; egg á sverði = sverðs egg; stafr á bók; kjölr á bók, and in endless other instances.
    V. denoting instrumentality, by, on, or a-, by means of; afla fjár á hólmgöngum, to make money a-duelling, by means of duels, Eg. 498; á verkum sínum, to subsist on one’s own work, Njarð. 366: as a law term, sekjast á e-ju, to be convicted upon …, Grág. i. 123; sekst maðr þar á sínu eigini ( a man is guilty in re sua), ef hann tekr af þeim manni er heimild ( possessio) hefir til, ii. 191; falla á verkum sínum, to be killed flagranti delicto, v. above; fella e-n á bragði, by a sleight in wrestling; komast undan á flótta, to escape by flight, Eg. 11; á hlaupi, by one’s feet, by speed, Hkr. ii. 168; lifa á e-u, to feed on; bergja á e-u, to taste of a thing; svala sér á e-u, to quench the thirst on.
    VI. with subst. numerals; á þriðja tigi manna, up to thirty, i. e. from about twenty to thirty, Ld. 194; á öðru hundraði skipa, from one to two hundred sail strong, Fms. x. 126; á níunda tigi, between eighty and ninety years of age, Eg. 764, v. above: used as prep., á hendi, on one’s hand, i. e. bound to do it, v. hönd.
    VII. in more or less adverbial phrases it may often be translated in Engl. by a participle and a- prefixed; á lopti, aloft; á floti, afloat; á lífi, alive; á verðgangi, a-begging; á brautu, away; á baki, a-back, behind, past; á milli, a-tween; á laun, alone, secretly; á launungu, id.; á móti, against; á enda, at an end, gone; á huldu, hidden; fara á hæli, to go a-heel, i. e. backwards, Fms. vii. 70;—but in many cases these phrases are transl. by the Engl. partic. with a, which is then perh. a mere prefix, not a prep., á flugi, a-flying in the air, Nj. 79; vera á gangi, a-going; á ferli, to be about; á leiki, a-playing, Fms. i. 78; á sundi, a-swimming, ii. 27; á verði, a-watching, x. 201; á hrakningi, a-wandering; á reiki, a-wavering; á skjálfi, a-shivering; á-hleri, a-listening; á tali, a-talking, Ísl. ii. 200; á hlaupi, a-running, Hkr. ii. 268; á verki, a-working; á veiðum, a-hunting; á fiski, a-fishing; á beit, grazing: and as a law term it even means in flagranti, N. G. L. i. 348.
    VIII. used absolutely without a case in reference to the air or the weather, where ‘á’ is almost redundant; þoka var á mikil, a thick fog came on, Nj. 267; niðamyrkr var á, pitch darkness came on, Eg. 210; allhvast á norðan, a very strong breeze from the north, Fms. ix. 20; þá var á norðrænt, a north wind came on, 42, Ld. 56; hvaðan sem á er, from whatever point the wind is; var á hríð veðrs, a snow storm came on, Nj. 282; görði á regn, rain came on, Fms. vi. 394, xi. 35, Ld. 156.
    WITH ACC.
    A. Loc.
    I. denoting simple direction towards, esp. connected with verbs of motion, going, or the like; hann gékk á bergsnös, Eg. 389; á hamar, Fas. ii. 517.
    2. in phrases denoting direction; liggja á útborða, lying on the outside of the ship, Eg. 354; á annat borð skipinu, Fms. vii. 260; á bæði borð, on both sides of the ship, Nj. 124, Ld. 56; á tvær hliðar, on both sides, Fms. v. 73. Ísl. ii. 159; á hlið, sidewards; út á hlið, Nj. 262, Edda 44; á aðra hönd henni, Nj. 50, Ld. 46; höggva á tvær hendr, to hew or strike right and left, Ísl. ii. 368, Fas. i. 384, Fms. viii. 363, x. 383.
    3. upp á, upon; hann tók augu Þjaza ok kastaði upp á himin, Edda 47: with verbs denoting to look, see, horfa, sjá, líta, etc.; hann rak skygnur á land, he cast glances towards the land, Ld. 154.
    II. denoting direction with or without the idea of arriving:
    1. with verbs denoting to aim at; of a blow or thrust, stefna á fótinn, Nj. 84; spjótið stefnir á hann miðjan, 205: of the wind, gékk veðrit á vestr, the wind veered to west, Fms. ix. 28; sigla á haf, to stand out to sea, Hkr. i. 146, Fms. i. 39: with ‘út’ added, Eg. 390, Fms. x. 349.
    2. conveying the notion of arriving, or the intervening space being traversed; spjótið kom á miðjan skjöldinn, Eg. 379, Nj. 96, 97; langt upp á land, far up inland, Hkr. i. 146: to reach, taka ofan á belti, of the long locks of a woman, to reach down to the belt, Nj. 2; ofan á bringu, 48; á þa ofan, 91.
    III. without reference to the space traversed, connected with verbs denoting to go, turn, come, ride, sail, throw, or the like, motion of every kind; hann kastar honum á völlinn, he flings him down, Nj. 91; hlaupa á skip sitt, to leap on board his ship, 43; á hest, to mount quickly, Edda 75; á lend hestinum, Nj. 91; hann gengr á sáðland sitt, he walks on to his fields, 82: on, upon, komast á fætr, to get upon one’s legs, 92; ganga á land, to go a-shore, Fms. i. 40; ganga á þing, vii. 242, Grág. (often); á skóg, á merkr ok skóga, into a wood, Fb. i. 134, 257, Fms. xi. 118, Eg. 577, Nj. 130; fara á Finnmörk, to go travelling in Finmark, Fms. i. 8; koma, fara á bæ, to arrive at the farm-house; koma á veginn, Eg. 578; stíga á bát, skip, to go on board, 158; hann gékk upp á borg, he went up to the burg (castle), 717; en er þeir komu á loptriðið, 236; hrinda skipum á vatn, to float the ships down into the water, Fms. i. 58; reka austr á haf, to drift eastwards on the sea, x. 145; ríða ofan á, to ride down or over, Nj. 82.
    IV. in some cases the acc. is used where the dat. would be used, esp. with verbs denoting to see or hear, in such phrases as, þeir sá boða mikinn inn á fjörðinn, they saw great breakers away up in the bight of the firth, the acc. being due perhaps to a motion or direction of the eye or ear towards the object, Nj. 124; sá þeir fólkit á land, they saw the people in the direction of land, Fas. ii. 517: in phrases denoting to be placed, to sit, to be seated, the seat or bench is freq. in the acc. where the dat. would now be used; konungr var þar á land upp, the king was then up the country, the spectator or narrator is conceived as looking from the shore or sea-side, Nj. 46; sitja á miðjan bekk, to be seated on the middle bench, 50; skyldi konungs sæti vera á þann bekk … annat öndvegi var á hinn úæðra pall; hann setti konungs hásæti á miðjan þverpall, Fms. vi. 439, 440, cp. Fagrsk. l. c., Sturl. iii. 182; eru víða fjallbygðir upp á mörkina, in the mark or forest, Eg. 58; var þar mörk mikil á land upp, 229; mannsafnaðr er á land upp (viewed from the sea), Ld. 76; stóll var settr á mótið, Fas. i. 58; beiða fars á skip, to beg a passage, Grág. i. 90.
    V. denoting parts of the body; bíta e-n á barka, to bite one in the throat, Ísl. ii. 447; skera á háls, to cut the throat of any one, Nj. 156; brjóta e-n á háls, to break any one’s neck; brjóta e-n á bak, to break any one’s back, Fms. vii. 119; kalinn á kné, frozen to the knees with cold, Hm. 3.
    VI. denoting round; láta reipi á háls hesti, round his horse’s neck, 623. 33; leggja söðul á hest, Nj. 83; and ellipt., leggja á, to saddle; breiða feld á hofuð sér, to wrap a cloak over his head, 164; reyta á sik mosa, to gather moss to cover oneself with, 267; spenna hring á hönd, á fingr, Eg. 300.
    VII. denoting a burden; stela mat á tvá hesta, hey á fimtán hesta, i. e. a two, a fifteen horse load, Nj. 74: metaph., kjósa feigð á menn, to choose death upon them, i. e. doom them to death, Edda 22.
    B. TEMP.
    I. of a period of time, at, to; á morgun, to-morrow (í morgun now means the past morning, the morning of to-day), Ísl. ii. 333.
    II. if connected with the word day, ‘á’ is now used before a fixed or marked day, a day of the week, a feast day, or the like; á Laugardag, á Sunnudag …, on Saturday, Sunday, the Old Engl. a-Sunday, a-Monday, etc.; á Jóladaginn, Páskadaginn, on Yule and Easter-day; but in old writers more often used ellipt. Sunnudaginn, Jóladaginn …, by dropping the prep. ‘á,’ Fms. viii. 397, Grág. i. 18.
    III. connected with ‘dagr’ with the definite article suffixed, ‘á’ denotes a fixed, recurring period or season, in; á daginn, during the day-time, every day in turn, Grett. 91 A.
    IV. connected with ‘evening, morning, the seasons,’ with the article; á kveldit, every evening, Ld. 14; á sumarit, every summer, Vd. 128, where the new Ed. Fs. 51 reads sumrum; á haust, every autumn, Eg. 741 (perh. a misprint instead of á haustin or á haustum); á vetrinn, in the winter time, 710; á várit, every spring, Gþl. 347; the sing., however, is very rare in such cases, the old as well as mod. usage prefers the plur.; á nætrnar, by night, Nj. 210; á várin, Eg. 710; á sumrin, haustin, á morgnana, in the morning (á morgin, sing., means to-morrow); á kveldin, in the evening, only ‘dagr’ is used in sing., v. above (á daginn, not á dagana); but elliptically and by dropping the article, Icelanders say, kveld og morgna, nótt og dag, vetr sumar vor og haust, in the same sense as those above mentioned.
    V. denoting duration, the article is dropped in the negative phrase, aldri á sinn dag, never during one’s life; aldri á mína daga, never in my life, Bjarn. 8, where a possess. pron. is put between noun and prep., but this phrase is very rare. Such phrases as, á þann dag, that day, and á þenna dag, Stj. 12, 655 xxx. 2. 20, are unclassical.
    VI. á dag without article can only be used in a distributive sense, e. g. tvisvar á dag, twice a-day; this use is at present freq. in Icel., yet instances from old writers are not on record.
    VII. denoting a movement onward in time, such as, liðið á nótt, dag, kveld, morgun, sumar, vetr, vár, haust (or nóttina, daginn …), jól, páska, föstu, or the like, far on in the night, day …, Edda 33; er á leið vetrinn, when the winter was well on, as the winter wore on, Nj. 126; cp. áliðinn: also in the phrase, hniginn á inn efra aldr, well stricken in years, Ld. 68.
    C. Metaph. and in various relations:
    I. somewhat metaphorically, denoting an act only (not the place); fara á fund, á vit e-s, to call for one, Eg. 140; koma á ræðu við e-n, to come to a parley with, to speak, 173; ganga á tal, Nj. 103; skora á hólm, to challenge to a duel on an island; koma á grið, to enter into a service, to be domiciled, Grág. i. 151; fara á veiðar, to go a-hunting, Fms. i. 8.
    β. generally denoting on, upon, in, to; bjóða vöxtu á féit, to offer interest on the money, Grág. i. 198; ganga á berhögg, to come to blows, v. berhögg; fá á e-n, to make an impression upon one, Nj. 79; ganga á vápn e-s, to throw oneself on an enemy’s weapon, meet him face to face, Rd. 310; ganga á lagið, to press on up the spear-shaft after it has passed through one so as to get near one’s foe, i. e. to avail oneself of the last chance; bera fé á e-n, to bribe, Nj. 62; bera öl á e-n, to make drunk, Fas. i. 13; snúinn á e-t, inclined to, Fms. x. 142; sammælast á e-t, to agree upon, Nj. 86; sættast, verða sáttr á e-t, in the same sense, to come to an agreement, settlement, or atonement, 78, Edda 15, Eb. 288, Ld. 50, Fms. i. 279; ganga á mála, to serve for pay as a soldier, Nj. 121; ganga á vald e-s, to put oneself in his power, 267; ganga á sætt, to break an agreement; vega á veittar trygðir, to break truce, Grág. ii. 169.
    II. denoting in regard to, in respect to:
    1. of colour, complexion, the hue of the hair, or the like; hvítr, jarpr, dökkr … á hár, having white, brown, or dark … hair, Ísl. ii. 190, Nj. 39; svartr á brún ok brá, dark of brow and eyebrow; dökkr á hörund, id., etc.
    2. denoting skill, dexterity; hagr á tré, a good carpenter; hagr á járn, málm, smíðar …, an expert worker in iron, metals …, Eg. 4; fimr á boga, good at the bow: also used of mastership in science or arts, meistari á hörpuslátt, a master in striking the harp, Fas. iii. 220; fræðimaðr á kvæði, knowing many poems by heart, Fms. vi. 391; fræðimaðr á landnámssögur ok forna fræði, a learned scholar in histories and antiquities (of Are Frode), Ísl. ii. 189; mikill á íþrótt, skilful in an art, Edda (pref.) 148; but dat. in the phrase, kunna (vel) á skíðum, to be a cunning skater, Fms. i. 9, vii. 120.
    3. denoting dimensions; á hæð, lengd, breidd, dýpt …, in the heighth, length, breadth, depth …, Eg. 277; á hvern veg, on each side, Edda 41 (square miles); á annan veg, on the one side, Grág. i. 89.
    β. the phrase, á sik, in regard to oneself, vel (illa) á sik kominn, of a fine ( ugly) appearance, Ld. 100, Fas. iii. 74.
    III. denoting instrumentality; bjargast á sínar hendr, to live on the work of one’s own hands, (á sínar spýtur is a mod. phrase in the same sense); (vega) á skálir, pundara, to weigh in scales, Grág. ii. 370; at hann hefði tvá pundara, ok hefði á hinn meira keypt en á hinn minna selt, of a man using two scales, a big one for buying and a little one for selling, Sturl. i. 91; á sinn kostnað, at one’s own expense; nefna e-n á nafn, by name, Grág. i. 17, etc. The Icel. also say, spinna á rokk, snældu, to spin on or with a rock or distaff; mala á kvern, to grind in a ‘querne,’ where Edda 73 uses dat.; esp. of musical instruments, syngja, leika á hljóðfæri, hörpu, gígju …; in the old usage, leika hörpu …, Stj. 458.
    IV. denoting the manner or way of doing:
    1. á þessa lund, in this wise, Grág. ii. 22; á marga vega, á alla, ymsa vega, in many, all, respects, Fms. i. 114; á sitt hóf, in its turn, respectively, Ld. 136, where the context shews that the expression answers to the Lat. mutatis mutandis; á Þýðersku, after German fashion, Sks. 288.
    2. esp. of language; mæla, rita á e-a tungu, to speak, write in a tongue; á Írsku, in Irish, Ld. 76; Norrænu, in Norse, Eb. 330, Vm. 35; a Danska tungu, in Danish, i. e. Scandinavian, Norse, or Icelandic, Grág. i. 18; á Vára tungu, i. e. in Icelandic, 181; rita á Norræna tungu, to write in Norse, Hkr. (pref.), Bs. i. 59:—at present, dat. is sometimes used.
    3. in some phrases the acc. is used instead of the dat.; hann sýndi á sik mikit gaman, Fms. x. 329; hann lét ekki á sik finna, he shewed no sign of motion, Nj. 111; skaltú önga fáleika á þik gera (Cod. Kalf.), 14.
    V. used in a distributive sense; skal mörk kaupa gæzlu á kú, eðr oxa fim vetra gamlan, a mark for every cow, Grág. i. 147; alin á hvert hross, 442; á mann, per man (now freq.): cp. also á dag above, lit. B.
    VI. connected with nouns,
    1. prepositional; á hendr (with dat.), against; á hæla, at heel, close behind; á bak, at back, i. e. past, after; á vit (with gen.), towards.
    2. adverbially; á braut, away, abroad; á víxl, in turns; á mis, amiss; á víð ok dreif, a-wide and a-drift, i. e. dispersedly.
    3. used almost redundantly before the following prep.; á eptir, after, behind; á undan, in front of; á meðal, á milli, among; á mót, against; á við, about, alike; á frá (cp. Swed. ifrån), from (rare); á fyrir = fyrir, Haustl. 1; á hjá, beside (rare); á fram, a-head, forwards; á samt, together; ávalt = of allt, always: following a prep., upp á, upon; niðr á, down upon; ofan á, eptir á, post eventum, (temp.) á eptir is loc., id., etc.
    VII. connected with many transitive verbs, answering to the Lat. ad- or in-, in composition, in many cases periphrastically for an objective case. The prep. generally follows after the verb, instead of being prefixed to it as in Lat., and answers to the Engl. on, to; heita kalla, hrópa á, to call on; heyra, hlusta, hlyða á, to hearken to, listen to; hyggja, hugsa á, to think on; minna á, to remind; sjá, líta, horfa, stara, mæna, glápa, koma auga … á, to look on; girnast á, to wish for; trúa á, to believe on; skora á, to call on any one to come out, challenge; kæra á, to accuse; heilsa á, to greet; herja, ganga, ríða, hlaupa, ráða … á, to fall on, attack, cp. ágangr, áreið, áhlaup; ljúga á, to tell lies of, to slander; telja á, to carp at; ausa, tala, hella, kasta, verpa … á, to pour, throw on; ríða, bera, dreifa á, to sprinkle on; vanta, skorta á, to fall short of; ala á, to plead, beg; leggja á, to throw a spell on, lay a saddle on; hætta á, to venture on; gizka á, to guess at; kveða á, to fix on, etc.: in a reciprocal sense, haldast á, of mutual strife; sendast á, to exchange presents; skrifast á, to correspond (mod.); kallast á, to shout mutually; standast á, to coincide, so as to be just opposite one another, etc.
    2.
    f. [Lat. aqua; Goth. ahva; Hel. aha; A. S. eâ; O. H. G. aha, owa; cp. Germ. ach and aue; Fr. eau, eaux; Engl. Ax-, Ex-, etc., in names of places; Swed.-Dan. å; the Scandinavians absorb the hu, so that only a single vowel or diphthong remains of the whole word]:—a river. The old form in nom. dat. acc. sing. is , v. the introduction to A, page 1, Bs. i. 333 sq., where ́n, ́ (acc.), and ́na; so also Greg. 677; the old fragm. of Grág. ii. 222, 223, new Ed. In the Kb. of the Edda the old form occurs twice, viz. page 75, ́na (acc.), (but two lines below, ána), í ́nni (dat.) The old form also repeatedly occurs in the Kb. and Sb. of the Grág., e. g. ii. 266, 267: gen. sing. ár; nom. pl. ár, gen. á contracted, dat. ám, obsolete form ́m; Edda 43, Eg. 80, 99, 133, 185: proverbs, at ósi skal á stemma, answering to the Lat. principiis obsta, Edda 60; hér kemr á til sæfar, here the river runs into the sea, metaph. = this is the very end, seems to have been a favourite ending of old poems; it is recorded in the Húsdrápa and the Norðsetadrápa, v. Edda 96, Skálda 198; cp. the common saying, oil vötn renna til sævar, ‘all waters run into the sea.’ Rivers with glacier water are in Icel. called Hvítá, White river, or Jökulsá: Hitá, Hot river, from a hot spring, opp. to Kaldá, v. Landn.: others take a name from the fish in them, as Laxá, Lax or Salmon river (freq.); Örriða á, etc.: a tributary river is þverá, etc.: ár in the Njála often means the great rivers Ölfusá and Þjórsá in the south of Iceland. Áin helga, a river in Sweden, Hkr. ii: á is also suffixed to the names of foreign rivers, Tempsá = Thames; Dóná, Danube (Germ. Don-au), (mod.), etc. Vide Edda (Gl.) 116, 117, containing the names of over a hundred North-English and Scottish rivers.
    COMPDS: áráll, árbakki, árbrot, ardjúp, árfarvegr, árfors, árgljúfr, árhlutr, ármegin, árminni, ármót, áróss, árreki, árstraumr, árströnd, árvað, árvegr, árvöxtr.

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